I can't answer one since I'm not familiar with rhino. For 2, yes, unless things have changed within the last year, damage and armor are on a 1:1 ratio. For 3, global damage is different from a skill damage reduction. Physiologic made a chart showing the process it goes through:
Assuming that answers your question. Any reduction would presumably take place when the damage variable is initially rolled, or calculated as it says in the chart. Armor would be the last factor before damage is delivered.
For 4, yes, crits are 2x the damage. That is to say assuming nothing has changed. I haven't tested stats and damage output in years, and anything I haven't tested would be based on Phys' testings, which are also years old.
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